The Inflation Update: March 2004
Stephen G. Cecchetti
14 April 2004

Waltham, Massachusetts

After paying the alternative minimum tax, the last thing I needed yesterday morning was to open the Wall Street Journal and read a story about how restaurants have been raising their prices.[1]  This is a clear warning that inflation may be taking off.  My original work on core inflation more than a decade ago taught me to watch for signs of inflation in two places:  housing and restaurants.  Regular readers of this update already know about my preoccupation with Owner Equivalent Rent (OER), today you learn about my obsession with Food Away from Home; and not just because I like to eat out.

This morning’s CPI report confirms my worst fear: Inflation is rising.  The all-items CPI rose 6.0% on an annual rate for the month of March.  Core measures fared only a little better, with the CPI excluding food and energy up 4.4% (a.r.), and the Median CPI computed by the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland rising 3.3% (a.r.).  These are above last month’s increase, and well above their 12-month changes of 1.7% (headline measure), 1.6% (ex food and energy), and 2.2% (the Median CPI.)[2]

Looking at details of the report, we see that core service prices (services excluding energy services) rose 6% for the month, while core goods prices (commodities excluding food and energy commodities) increased 1.7%.  These numbers are astronomical by recent standards, suggesting that some combination of increases in product demand and dollar depreciation is finally having the impact many of us had anticipated.

These details confirm that the inflation increase isn’t in some isolated place, or the consequence of some “special factor”.  Medical care costs are up 6.9% (a.r.) for the month, 4.5% for the year.  Used car prices, which have been consistently falling, rose (albeit a very modest 1.8% a.r.).  And then there is housing.  Inflation in OER was 3.3% (a.r.) in March, up from 2.7% (a.r.) in February – levels that are well the 2% average for the past 12 months.

Finally, we come to food away from home. Historically, this component of the CPI has been the median good roughly one-tenth of the time – that’s twice the rate we would ordinarily expect.  OER is the median good one-half of the time.  Ever since learning this, I have felt that these two components were what I needed to gauge inflation trends.  When prices of housing and restaurant meals start rising rapidly, watch out.  Well, watch out!


[1] Non-U.S.-taxpaying readers are hopefully unfamiliar with the alternative minimum tax.  The American tax code is notoriously complex, and this is one of its most complicated parts.  The easiest way to describe it is that the Federal Government assesses tax as the maximum of an average tax rate (15%) on income prior to deductions for things like mortgage interest and state tax payment, and the normal marginal rate times income after those same deductions.  The alternative minimum tax is the first of these, and it is hitting more and more people both because it is not indexed and because of the reduction in the marginal rates.  This is the second time I have had to pay it.
[2]
For the true believers in limited-influence estimators of core inflation, the 3-month change in the 16%-trimmed mean is 2.8% (a.r), a full percentage point higher than it was as recently as October.

Consumer Price Inflation, Various Measures
(Through March 2004, all data s.a. at an annual rate)

Previous

All Items CPI

CPI ex Food & Energy

Median CPI

1 Month

6.0

4.4

3.3

3 Months

5.1

2.9

2.6

6 Months

2.3

1.9

2.3

12 Months

1.7

1.6

2.2

12 Months ended March 2003

3.1

1.7

2.3


For previous updates, as well as my occasional essays on current policy issues,

Please visit my home page:
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Detail for Computation of the Median CPI

March 2004

Component

Annualized 1-month % change

Relative Importance

Cumulative Relative Importance

Fuel oil and other fuels   

-20.0

0.2

0.2

Gas (piped) and electricity         

-15.7

3.7

4.0

Communication       

-5.3

3.1

7.1

Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs      

-3.3

2.3

9.4

Nonalcoholic beverages and beverage materials

-2.5

0.9

10.3

Motor vehicle parts and equipment    

-2.2

0.4

10.7

Household furnishings and operations  

-1.9

4.5

15.2

New vehicles      

-1.7

4.8

20.0

Men's and boys' apparel      

-1.0

1.0

21.0

Processed fruits and vegetables    

0.0

0.3

21.3

Personal care products      

0.0

0.6

21.9

Miscellaneous personal goods         

0.0

0.2

22.1

Water and sewer and trash collection services

1.0

0.9

23.0

Tenants'  and household insurance    

1.0

0.4

23.4

Fresh fruits and vegetables        

1.3

1.0

24.4

Used cars and trucks       

1.8

2.0

26.4

Food away from home         

2.0

6.2

32.6

Rent of primary residence   

2.3

6.2

38.8

Tobacco and smoking products          

2.6

0.8

39.6

Medical care commodities     

2.7

1.5

41.1

Motor vehicle insurance     

3.1

2.5

43.6

Motor vehicle maintenance and repair 

3.1

1.4

44.9

Owners' equivalent rent of primary residence  

3.3

23.5

68.5

Recreation           

3.4

5.9

74.4

Public transportation        

3.5

1.1

75.4

Personal care services      

3.8

0.7

76.1

Car and truck rental       

4.6

0.1

76.2

Motor vehicle fees          

4.7

0.5

76.7

Jewelry and watches          

4.8

0.3

77.0

Miscellaneous personal services      

5.1

1.5

78.4

Infants' and toddlers' apparel        

5.1

0.2

78.6

Alcoholic beverages         

5.8

1.0

79.6

Cereals and bakery products         

6.0

1.2

80.8

Dairy and related products          

6.5

0.8

81.7

Education           

7.1

2.9

84.6

Other food at home         

7.6

1.8

86.4

Medical care services        

8.3

4.6

91.0

Footwear            

12.9

0.8

91.8

Women's and girls' apparel   

19.9

1.7

93.5

Lodging away from home      

57.2

2.9

96.4

Motor fuel         

90.4

3.6

100.0