Politics Department
Professor Peter Woll
Politics Department
Professor Peter Woll
Nov. 27-Dec. 4 Addendum
Class Assignments Part III Congressional Authority To Enforce Civil Rights
Gender Discrimination and Other Equal Protection Concerns
Equal Protection and Fundamental Interests
Section 3. Congressional Authority To Promote Civil Rights. 883 Transitional Note: Looking Outside the Commerce Power 883 A. The Reconstruction Amendments and Federal Statutes Adopted Under Them 884 The Civil Rights Cases 885 Notes on The Civil Rights Cases 890 Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. 892 Notes on Jones and Thirteenth Amendment Power 894 B. The "Second Reconstruction" and the Voting Rights Act. 895 SouthCarolinav.Katzenbach 897 Katzenbach v .Morgan 898 Oregon v. Mitchell 902 City of Rome v. UnitedStates 905 Notes on Rome and Congressional Enforcement Power 906 Problem 7-3: Legislative Fact-finding and Fourteenth AmendmentPersons 910 C. The Religious Freedom Restoration Act. 910 I City of Boerne v. Flores 911 Notes on Boerne and Congressional Enforcement Power 919 Sex and Gender Discrimination and Other Equal Protection Concerns 299 Section 1. Minimal Equal Protection Scrutiny (The Rational-Basis Test) 300 Railway Express Agency, Inc. v. New York. 302 Notes on Railway Express and the Rational-Basis Standard. 305 Federal Communications Comm 'n v. Beach Communications, Inc. 308 Problem 4-1: Applying Rational-Basis Scrutiny to Driver's Licensing 309 Note on the Court's Application of Heightened Scrutiny to Non-Race Classifications: A "Double Standard"? 310 United States Department of Agriculture v. Moreno 313 Section 2. Sex~ and Gender-Based Discrimination. 314 A. Women Outside the Constitution: The Traditional Jurisprudence of Difference 314 Bradwel v.Illinois 316 B. The Jurisprudence of Equal Treatment and Heightened Scrutiny of Sex-Based Distinctions. 320 Wendy Webster Williams, Equality's Riddle: Pregnancy and the Equal Treatment/Special Treatment Debate 322 1.From Rational Basis to Imtermediate Scrutiny (and Beyond?) in Gender Cases ; 323 Reedv.Reed 324 Frontiero v.Richardson 324 Notes on the Race Analogy and Whether Sex-Based Classifications Should Be Subject to Strict Scrutiny. 327 Note on the Court's Sex-Discrimination Cases, 1973-76 331 Craig v. Boren 332 Note on the Court's "Middle Tier "Scrutiny 337 Richard Epstein, The Rule of Sex-Blind Jurisprudence Isn't Always Fair. 337 Califano v. Webster 338 J:E.B.v.Alabama ex rel. T.B. 339 Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan 340 Note on Theories of Cultural Feminism and Sociobiology 341 United States v. Virginia 343 Note on the Current State of the Court's Sex Discrimination Jurisprudence. 348 2. Deference to Traditional Gender Classifications Based Upon "Real Differences" 348 Michael M. v. Superior Court of Sonoma County 349 Note on the Gendered Treatment of Rape 350 Parham v. Hughes 351 Rostkerv.Goldberg 352 Nguyenv.INS 354 Note on Rostker, Nguyen, and Judicial Deference to Certain National Legislative and Executive Policies. 356 Notes on the Military's Exclusion of Women from Combat Roles 358 3. Classifications That Have a Disparate Impact Upon Women 360 Geduldigv.Aiello 360 Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts v. Feeney 361 Notes on Feeney and Discriminatory Impact on Women. 363 Note on Statutory Rights Against Sex and Pregnancy Discrimination in Private and Public Employment 365 Problem 4-2: Frontier Issues in Statutory and Constitutional Discrimination on the Basis of Sex or Gender 366 C. Critiques of Abstract Equality and the Emergence of a Jurisprudence of Difference 366 Problem 4-3: Maternity Leave Statutes 368 Brief of the American Civil Liberties Union et alia, Amic Curiae, Guerra 369 Brief Amici Curiae of Coalition for Reproductive Equality in the Workplace; Betty Friedan; e talia, Guerra 370 Note on Affirmative Action for Women in the Workplace. 372 Problem 4-4: Is Sex Segregation in Schools Ever Constitutional? 373 Catharine A. MacKinnon, Toward a Feminist Theory of the State 374 Notes on Radical and Critical Feminist Theories. 377 Bray v. Alexandria Women's Health Clinic 381 Section 3. What Level of Scrutiny for Other "Suspicious" Classifications? ! 383 A. Wealth. 383 ML.B.v.S.L.J. 385 B. Physical or Mental Disability 385 City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center 386 Note on Cleburne and Equal Protection Tiers 392 Heller v.Doe 394 C. Sexual Orientation. 395 1. Heightened Scrutiny? 396 Watkin sv. United States Army 397 Note on Whether Sexual Orientation Should Be a “Suspect Classification” 398 Problem 4-5: The Constitutionality of an Antigay Initiative 401 2. Rational Basis 402 Romer v.Evans 402 Notes on Evans and Its Implications for Judicial Review of Antigay State Policies 408 Note on Judicial Review of Popular Initiatives and Referenda 412 Problem 4-6: Don't Ask, Don't Tell. 413 3. Discrimination Against Gay People as Sex Discrimination? 415 Baehr v. Lewin 415 Notes on Baehr and the Same-Sex Marriage Debate 418 Baker v. State 420 Concluding Note on Equal Protection 422
? Chapter 5. Protecting Fundamental Rights 425 Section 1. Should Courts Ever Enforce Unenumerated Rights? 427 Note on the Historical Roots of Unenumerated Rights. 427 TheSlaughterHouseCases 428 Notes on the Aftermath of The Slaughter House Cases 429 Palko v.Connecticut 431 Adamsonv.California 433 Notes on the Incorporation Debate 437 Skinner v. Oklahoma ex rel. Williamson 439 Notes on Skinner and Protecting Implied Fundamental Rights 442 A World Without Implied Fundamental Rights: A Note on the Social Context of Buck v. Bell and Skinner 443 Note on Unenforced Textual Rights: The Second Amendment 446 Section 2. Protecting Economic Liberty and Property 448 A. Historical Introduction 448 B. The Rise and Decline of Liberty of Contract and Substantive Due Process Review 450 Lochner v. NewYork 450 Notes on Lochner and the Heyday of Substantive Due Process 454 West Coast Hotel v.Parrish 456 Williamson v.Lee Optical 457 Note on State Substantive Due Process 457 C. The Takings Clause 458 D. Notes on the Original Understanding of the Takings Clause. 459 Penn Central Transportation Co. v. City of New York. 461 Notes on Penn Central and the Takings Clause 465 Nollan v. California Coastal Commission 466 Dolan v. City of Tigard 467 Notes on Nollan, Dolan, and the Possible Revival of Active Review of Economic Regulations 468 Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council 469 Notes on Lucas and the Takings Revival 473 Note on Retroactivity and the Takings Clause 475 Tahoe-Sierra Preservation Council v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency 476 Notes on Lake Tahoe and the Current State of Takings Law 479 Problem 5-1: Takings and Biodiversity 480
Equal Protection and "Fundamental Interests ."
Section 3. Equal Protection and "Fundamental Interests" 481 A. Voting 483 Reynolds v. Sims 485 Notes on Reynolds and the "Fundamental Right" To Vote 488 Problem 5-2: Political Gerrymandering 489 Bushv.Gore 490 Notes on Bush v.Gore 490 B. Basic Rights for the Least Advantaged 496 San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez 496 Plyler v. Doe 501 Notes on Rodriguez and Plyler 502 Edgewood Independent School District v. Kirby. 504 Notes on Edgewood, State Constitutional Protections, and Constitutional Balancing 506 Problem 5-3: Racial Disparities and State Constitutional Law 511 C. The Right To Travel 511 Shapiro v. Thompson 511 Saenz v. Roe 512 Notes on Saenz 516 Section 4. Fundamental Privacy Rights 517 Meyer v. Nebraska 518 Note: What Kinds of "Liberty" Are Substantively Protected by the Due Process Clause? 519 A. Contraception, Marriage, and Family 520 Poe v, Ullman 521 A Note on Poe and Deadlocked Political Processes 525 Griswold v.Connecticut 525 Notes on Griswold and the Right of Privacy 531 Robert H. Bork, Neutral Principles and Some First Amendment Problems 533 Note on the Ninth Amendment 536 Note on the Fundamental Right To Marry 539 Troxel v.Granville 540 Problem 5-4: State Regulation of Sexuality 542 B. Abortion. 542 Roe v.Wade 542 Notes on Roe and the Abortion Controversy 547 Reva Siegel, Reasoning from the Body: A Historical Perspective on Abortion Regulation and Questions of Equal Protection 549 Note on Abortion Regulation as Sex Discrimination. 550 Note: The Abortion Right from Roe to Casey 551 Webster v. Reproductive Health Services 553 Hodgson v. Minnesota 553 Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey 554 Notes on Casey and the Fundamental Right To Abortion 566 Stenberg v. Carhart 570 Problem 5-5: Prohibition of Sex-Specific Abortions 571 Consensual Sexual Activity 572 Bowers v. Hardwick 572 Notes on Bowers and Privacy for Gay Men and Lesbians 578 Commonwealth of Kentucky v. Wasson 580 Problem 5-6: Should Bowers v. Hardwick Be Overruled? 582 Section 5. The “Right to Die” 582 Washington v .Glucksberg 582 Notes on the "Right To Die" Case 590 Problem 5-7: Human Cloning 591 Section 6. Procedural Due Process 592 A. Introductory Notes on Procedural Due Process 592 Goldbergv.Kelly 596 B. Defining “Liberty” and “Property 597 Board of Regents v. Roth 597 Notes on Defining "Property" and "Liberty" 600 C. Defining "What Process Is Due" 604 Mathews v. Eldridge 604 Notes on Defining "What Process Is Due" 607 Problem 5-8: Issues of Procedural Due Process 609 Problem 5-9: Reviewing Fundamental Rights 610Politics 115a
Class Assignments Part I
Class Assignments Part II
The Constitution and Racial Discrimination
Chapter 3. The Constitution and Racial Discrimination
Section 1. Racial Classifications After Brown. 181
A. Facial Racial Classifications That Disadvantage Minorities or Evidence Racial Hostility 181
Loving v. Virginia 182
Notes on Loving and Government Actions Classifying by Race. 185
Problem 3-1: Racial Classifications in Law Enforcement andAdoption 189
B. Facially Neutral Classifications (Discriminatory Intent
and Effect) 190
Yick Wo v. Hopkins 190
Notes on Yick Wo and Discriminatory Intent. 192
Washington v. Davis 196
Notes on Davis and Proving Discriminatory Intent. 201
C. Concluding Thoughts About Statutes That Have Discriminatory Effects 205
Charles Lawrence, III, The Id, the Ego, and Equal Protection: Reckoning with Unconscious Racism 207
Problems Concerning Discriminatory Intent. 211
Section 2. The State Action Doctrine as a Limit on the Judicial
Power To Address Racial Discrimination. 212
A. Introduction 212
B. State Action: The Public/Private Distinction Today. 214
1. Private Actors and Public Functions 214
2. State Encouragement of or Entanglement with Private Actors 219
Shelley v. Kraemer 219
Notes on Shelley 22l
Moose Lodge No. l07 v. lrvis 225
Notes on Moose Lodge 228
3. Toward a Synthesis in State Action Case Law? 232
Edmonson v. Leesville Concrete Co. 232
Notes on Edmonson and the Problem of State Action 237
More Problems on State Action 239
C. State Action Under State Constitutions. 239
Section 3. The Affirmative Action Controversy: Benign Racial Classifications or Reverse Discrimination? 240
A. Affirmative Action and the Equal Protection Clause: 1978-88 241
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke. 241
Fullilove v.Klutznick : 244
Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education. 245
Note: Affirmative Action in a Broader Theoretical Context. 246
Thomas Sowell, Civil Rights: Rhetoric or Reality? 247
Patricia Williams, Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. FCC: Regrouping in Singular Times 248
Notes on Specific Arguments in the Afflffilative Action Debate 250
B. The Triumph of "Skepticism," "Consistency," and "Congruence" in the Supreme Court,1989-1995 256
City of Richmond v. JA. Croson Co. 256
Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. Federal Communica(ions Comm 'n 263
Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena 264
Notes on Croson and Adarand 272
Problems on Affirmative Action After Croson and Adarand 274
C. Facially Neutral Classifications and "Majority-Minority" Electoral Districting: Affirmative 'Action, Reverse
Discrimination, or Something Else Altogether? 275
Shaw v.Reno 279
Notes on Shaw and the Districting Conundrum. 291
A Concluding Thought: Group Rights, Apology, and Reparations 297
Chapter 4.
Chapter 6. The First Amendment 613
Section 1. Free Speech and Competing Values 613
Note on the Original Understanding of Freedom of Speech 614
Texas v. Johnson 617
R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul 619
Notes on First Amendment Values Implicated in Johnson and R.A.V. 624
United States v. O'Brien 628
Note on the "Imperial" First Amendment 629
Problem 6-1: Drafting a Rule Regulating Law School Posters 630
Section 2. Regulation of Harmful Messages 631
A. Illegal Advocacy 631
Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten 631
Schenck v. United States 632
Abrams v. United States 633
A Note on Subversive Speech from 1920-1960 637
Gitlow v. New York 637
Whitney v. California 638
Brandenburg v. Ohio 641
Notes on Brandenburg 642
B. Defamation and Privacy 645
NewYorkTimesCo.v.Sullivan 645
Gertz v.Robert Welch, Inc. 649
Hustler Magazine v. Falwell 649
Notes on New York Times and Libel Law 650
Notes on Post-New York Times Developments in Defamation Law 652
Bartnicki v. Vopper 657
Notes on Bartnicki 659
Problem 6-2: Free Speech versus Privacy 660
C. Obscenity and Indecent Speech 661
Millerv.California 661
Paris Adult Theatre Iv. Slaton 664
Notes on Regulating Sexually Explicit Materials 665
Butler v. Regina 668
A Note on Feminist Anti-Pornography Theories 669
Problem 6-3: Feminist Anti-Pornography Ordinances 670
City of Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc. 671
Notes on Renton 674
Barnes v. Glen Theatre, Inc. 67
City of Erie v. Pap's A.M 676
D. Fighting Words, Captive Audiences, and Hate Speech 677
1. The Fighting Words Exception, 677
Chaplinsky v.New Hampshire 677
Cohen v. California 677
Notes on Cohen and Offensive Speech 681
2. An Exception for Hate Speech? 682
Beauharnai sv.Illinois 682
Wisconsinv.Mitchell 683
Note on the Hate Speech Debate 684
Problem 6-4: University Regulation of Hate Speech 686
Problem 6-5: May the State Prohibit Sexually HarassingRemarks? 688
3. Offensive Speech in the Electronic Media 688
Federal Communications Comm 'n v. Pacifica Foundation 688
Note on Regulation of Indecent Speech in the Electronic Media: Sable, Denver Area, Reno v. ACLU 689
E. Commercial Speech 691
Virginia State Board of Pharmacy v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council 691
Notes on Virginia Board 695
Posadas De Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Company of PuertoRico 697
44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island 698
F. Campaign Expenditures 700
Buckley v .Valeo 700
First National Bank v. Bellotti 703
Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce 703
I Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government 704
Notes on Regulating Campaign Finance 704
Problem 6-6: Electioneering Communications 708
Note on Judicial Elections 708
Note on Equality of Access as a Government Goal in Media Regulation 710
Section 3. Speech with a Government Nexus 713
A. Speech on Government Property and the Public Forum Doctrine 713
United States v. Grace 714
Hill v. Colorado 715
Notes on Grace, Hill, and the Traditional Public Forum 716
Ward v. Rock Against Racism 718
Notes on Rock Against Racism and Time, Place and Manner Regulation 721
Perry Educ. Ass'n v. Perry Local Educators’ Ass'n 722
International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc. v. Lee. 722
Notes on Lee and Evolving Public Forum Doctrine 728
Problems on the Public Forum Doctrine 729
B. Speech by Public Employees and Recipients of Government Funds 730
1.Speech by Public Employees 732
2. Political Conduct/Status of Government Employees 732
3. Unconstitutional Conditions 734
Rust v.Sullivan 735
Rosenberger v. Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia 737
Notes on Unconstitutional Conditions 738
National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley 741
LegaI Services Corp .v. Velazquez 741
Notes on Velazquez 746
Problems on Unconstitutional Conditions 746
C. Speech Within Government Institutions 747
Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier 748
Notes on Speech Within Government Institutions 751
Problem 6-13: Don't Ask, Don't Tell Policies 753
Section 4. Process-Based Protections for Speech 754
A. Prior Restraints and Permit Systems 754
Near v .Minnesota 754
Shuttlesworth v. City of Birmingham 755
New York Times Co. v. United States 756
Problem 6-14: The H-Bomb Case 757
Madsen v. Women's Health Center, Inc. 757
Notes on Madsen 761
B. (Due Process) Vagueness and the First Amendment. 763
Gentile v. State Bar of Nevada 764
City of Chicago v. Morales 765