Topics

Chemistry in Time:
Principles of Material Evolution


1. Introduction

1.1 Scope

• Scientific notation
• Units
• Significant figures

1.3 Evolution

• Types of mass/energy
• Dissipation

2. Condensation

2.1 Nucleogenesis & Nuclear Chemistry

• Fundamental particles
• Isotopes
• Nuclear reactions
• Nuclear binding energies
• Radio decay kinetics

2.3 Atomic and Molecular Structure (pre-quantum)

• Periodic properties & the Octet Rule
• Types of bonding
• Lewis structures
• VSEPR

2.5 Stoichiometry

• Composition
• Balanced equations & extent of reaction
• Limiting reagent & maximum yield
• Mass action, the equilibrium constant, & equilibrium yield

2.7 Gases

• Pressure
• Ideal Gas Law
• Chemical equilibrium in gases, Kp
• Kinetic Theory
• Molecular velocities
• Non-ideality

2.9 Condensed phases

• Intermolecular forces
• Phase changes
• Phase diagrams for pure substances
• Equilibria between pure phases
  • vapor pressure
• Solutions & solution composition
• Phase equilibria of solutes
  • solubilities
  • extraction
• Phase equilibria of solvents
  • colligative properties
• Simultaneous phase equlibria of solute and solvent
  • distillation

3. Aqueous Evolution

3.1 Aqueous solutions & ionic reactions

• Solvation by water
• Proton Transfer reactions
• Electrolyte strength
• Net ionic equations
• Stoichiometry of ionic reactions

3.3 Acid-base equilibria

• Proton Transfer Equilibrium Constants & Composition Diagrams
• Degree of Dissociation in Solution
• Self-ionization of Water
• pH Scale
• Acid, Basic & Neutral Salts
• Buffers
• Titration

3.5 Dissolution-precipitation equilibria

• Solubility Product
• Solubility in Water
• Common Ion Effect
• Solubility in Acid
• Analytical Separations

4. Photonic Evolution

4.1 Wave-Particle Duality

• Electromagnetic radiation (Maxwell, photons)
• Wave properties of traveling particles
• Discreteness of Atomic Spectra
• Wave properties of confined particles (quantized states)

4.3 Atomic Orbitals and Periodicity

• Atomic orbitals
• Aufbau
• Periodic properties of the elements

4.5 Covalent Bonding

• Molecular orbitals
• Diatomic molecules
• Hybrid orbitals and polyatomic molecules
• Multiple bonds

4.7 Coordination complexes

5. Biotic Evolution

5.1 First Law of Thermodynamics

• Energy and enthalpy
• Heat capacity and calorimetry
• Thermochemistry
• Heats of formation
• Bond enthalpies

5.3 Second Law of Thermodynamics

• Reversible and irreversible processes
• Gibbs Free Energy
• Temperature dependence of equilibrium

5.5 Kinetics

• Elementary reactions and rate constants
• Transition state and activation energy
• Temperature dependence of rate constants
• Multi-step reactions and coupled reactions
• Rate laws

6. Anthropic Evolution

6.1 Industrial Chemistry

• Silicate products
• Metallurgy
• Dyes and pigments
• Nitrogen fixation
• Petroleum chemistry
• Polymer chemistry

6.3 Electrochemistry

• Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
• Galvanic Cells
• Cell Potentials
• Electrolysis

6.5 Environmental Chemistry